By citizens can affect the direction of their government.

I think the answer is  A. Voting

Explanation:

Paying taxes doesn't affected the direction of the government, serving in the armed forces doesn't change the direction of the government, and serving in the jury doesn't change the direction of the government. Voting can cause new leaders to be elected which can directly change the direction of the government.

the fact that could also be added to column b is that during world war ii, specifically between the years 1941 and 1945, japan expanded its territory towards the indonesian territory in what was known later as part of the "pacific war". in that time, japan could conquer the philipines, singapore,   borneo, central java, malang, cebu, sumatra and various other islands of the area, therefore expanding its territory for a brief period of time.