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6. Which of the following was an effect of the Crusades on Western Europe?
a) The Crusaders' daily interactions with Muslims and Eastern Orthodox Christians led the
papacy to adopt an official policy of greater tolerance for diverse religious beliefs and
practices.
b) The Crusades led to a decrease in the power and prestige of European monarchies, as
many monarchs were absent from their kingdoms for long periods of time while fighting
in the Crusades.
c) The Crusaders' initial success led to a wave of migration of German and French peasants
to the Middle East and the depopulation of some regions of Western Europe.
d) The Crusades led to an increased trade between Western Europe, Byzantium and the
Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, thereby promoting European economic
expansion,