Period of disorder after the fall of the Han

utilized the penal colony

the treaty of brest-litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 march 1918 between the new bolshevik government of russia and the central powers (german empire, austria-hungary, bulgaria, and the ottoman empire), that ended russia's participation in world war i.

after defeating german forces in north africa allied leaders turned their attention to "italy," since this was the location that made the most geographic sense before invading northern europe via france.