"Democracy does not guarantee equality of conditions—it only guarantees equality of opportunity."—Irving Kristol

What did the author mean by this statement?

This means that while we all have the opportunity to succeed, this does not mean our success will be equal. We all have the opportunity to be successful, but some people will have an easier time or a harder time based off of the conditions around them.

eg: Someone born in a ghetto and someone born in an upper-middle class house have the opportunity to be a millionaire. But, the person in the upper-middle class home will have easier access to the things to get them there.

i believe the answer is d.

it was the "4. potsdam" conference that demanded the unconditional surrender of japan, since it was clear that the japanese would continue to find until the very last man otherwise.