After which battle did the north realize civil war would be long and bitter?

Battle of Appomattox Station

April 8, 1865

Explanation:

Beyond the trains at the station sat the Confederate reserve artillery, and Custer quickly had his troopers charge against them. Much of the Battle of Appomattox Station was fought after sunset, in the growing darkness. The Confederate artillery fired as the Union cavalry charged.

b. the passage of the equal rights amendment  

explanation:

this mean that anything that someone else could do they could do

i normally just use