How are all courts except the U. S Supreme Court established

All courts, except the US Supreme Court, established by Congress

According to the article III of the Constitution, the Supreme Court was established, but Congress was given the authority to create lower federal courts whenever they are needed as per requirements. Structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system were established by The Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the position of attorney general.

so the correct answer is congress

Explanation:

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a. the astrolabe could determine the correct latitudinal location of the ship

beowulf is considered an epic poem because it describes the actions of a great warrior.

beowulf is taken into account an epos. in this poem, the main character may be a hero who travels nice distances to prove his strength at not possible odds against supernatural demons and beasts. in the poem, beowulf was a young warrior and he leaves his country to hrothgar, as hrothgar was in a great trouble.