La historia de la computadora

La computadora es en la actualidad una de las herramientas más usadas a nivel mundial por todo clase de usuarios, y realizan tareas que van más allá del objetivo de cuando fueron desarrolladas. Hoy en día una simple computadora puede ser utilizada tanto como para el simple entretenimiento y las redes sociales hasta para controlar aspectos tan complicados como los misiones espaciales de forma completamente automática.

Para estas necesidades, hace aproximadamente 4.000 a.C., se creó un aparato muy simple formado por una placa de arcilla donde se movían piedras que auxiliaban en los cálculos. Ese aparato era llamado ábaco, una palabra de origen Fenicio. Ya para el año 200 a.C., el ábaco había cambiado, y estaba formado por una moldura rectangular de madera con varillas paralelas y piedras agujereadas que se deslizaban por estas varillas. El concepto y las funciones del ábaco se mantienen intactas hasta hoy, ya que aún este dispositivo se sigue utilizando en por ejemplo, el aprendizaje para ciegos.

Luego de ábaco, el próximo paso en la historia de las computadoras (año de 1642), ocurrió cuando un francés de 18 años de nombre Blaise Pascal, inventó la primera máquina de sumar: la Pascalina, la cual ejecutaba operaciones aritméticas cuando se giraban los discos que estaban engranados, siendo así la precursora de las calculadoras mecánicas.

Alrededor de 1671 en Alemania, Gottfried Leibnitz inventó una máquina muy parecida a la Pascalina, que efectuaba cálculos de multiplicación y división, y la cual fue la antecesora directa de las calculadoras manuales.

Con la llegada de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se planteó la necesidad de proyectarse máquinas capaces de ejecutar cálculos balísticos con rapidez y precisión para que sean utilizadas en la industria bélica.

Con eso surgió, en 1944, la primera computadora electromecánica (construida en la Universidad de Harvard, por el equipo del profesor H. Aiken y con la ayuda financiera de IBM, que invirtió US$ 500.000,00 en el proyecto), poseía el nombre de MARK I, era controlado por programas y usaba el sistema decimal.

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