“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none.” -- James Monroe, 1823 In his annual message to Congress in 1823, President James Monroe outlined the American foreign policy known as the Monroe Doctrine. Which of the following statements about that policy is INCORRECT?

A. The Western Hemisphere is now closed to any further European colonization.
B. The United States would not interfere in internal European affairs.
C. It promised that the United States would not interfere in the affairs of other Western hemispheric nations
D. It declared that the United States would seek friendly relations with all of Europe’s governments

One thing seems to be universally conceded, that the greater part of our mercantile citizens are in a state of bankruptcy—that those of them who have the largest possessions of real and personal estate... find it almost impossible to raise sufficient funds to supply themselves with the necessaries of life—that the citizens of every class are uniformly delinquent in discharging even the most trifling of debts. – William Greene, 1820
Which of the following statements about the Panic of 1819 is FALSE?

A. many debtors demanded “stay laws” to prevent foreclosure on debts and many manufacturers called for high protective tariffs
B. the Panic caused the Republican party to increasingly split into factions
C. many states eased restrictions on voting and officeholding
D. the Panic led the federal government, for the first time, to institute public works projects to put the jobless to work