What key changes did emancipation make in the political and economic status of African Americans? Discuss the expansion of citizenship rights in the post-Civil War years.

Explanation:

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863 proclaimed for the end of slavery and that all persons held as slaves in the Southern states are free.

After the issue of the emancipation, thousands of slaves were freed from the confederate states. They were allowed to join the Union army which gradually uplifted many African-American lives. The 13th Amendment of the Constitution solidified the end of slavery and the rise of new political and economic aspirations for the African-Americans.

The Reconstruction was a period after the end of the Civil War. It was a period of great transition in the political, social and economic lives of the African Americans. While the 13th Amendment abolished slavery, the 14th and the 15th Amendment guaranteed various constitutional rights such as citizenship and voting rights. Many African-Americans became full-fledged citizenship and held positions in governmental offices.

1. international: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state

2. political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.

3. the enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in montequieu’s spirit of the laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in rousseau’s social contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the literary underground of “grub street; ” the broadening influence of public opinion.

4. social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie

5. ineffective ruler: louis xvi

6. economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

pope john paul ii ( his real name is karol wojtyla) and lech walesa ( the leader of the solidarity movement ) were both born in poland.