What year did deceleration of independents start

Briefly explain one result of either louis napoleon's or otto von bismarck's policies that is not mentioned directly in the speech.

Jacksonian democracy promoted new methods of political campaigning. one such technique was mudslinging. what was its effect on the presidential candidates?

1. suppose you're an attorney. in a case you're presenting to a federal court, you argue that the person you're defending suffered cruel and unusual punishment. which amendment of the constitution should you cite? a. amendment iv b. amendment viii c. amendment iii d. amendment ix