The Crusades can be described as all of the following EXCEPT a. a sign of vitality and self-confidence in Western Europe. b. a demonstration by the Roman Church of its subservience to the Eastern Orthodox Church. c. an attempt by the papacy to assert its preeminence. d. part of a general movement of European expansion.

The correct answer is D) part of a general movement of European expansion.

The Crusades can be described as all of the following EXCEPT "part of a general movement of European expansion."

Religious differences have always been one of the reasons for conflict and war in the history of humankind. The Crusades included. Christians and Muslim people fought many years to gain or recover the control of some sacred sites, including the control of the Temple of Solomon in the ancient city of Jerusalem. Both sides claimed this site as theirs. So a series of battles and armed conflicts started in 1096 and the end was in 1291.

france,russia and prussia had absolute monarchy and it meant:

when louis xiv inherited the throne, he was able to serve as his chief minister.louis xiv ruled as an absolute monarch.