1. The development of agriculture afforded the Indus River Valley Civilizations both the time and
specialized labor to develop -

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Although there are no options attached, we can say the following.

The development of agriculture afforded the Indus River Valley Civilizations both the time and specialized labor to develop permanent settlements, new agriculture technologies, and social classes in the Indus Valley society.

The Indus Valley civilization was one of the oldest civilizations on planet Earth. Historians consider that the Sumerians were the oldest, followed by the Egyptians and the Indus Valley people. The Indus Valley civilization settled in the banks of the Indus River due to the many benefits it had.