In a response of approximately 50 words, describe the differences between the oath of office administered during the first Congress and the Iron Clad Oath adopted during the Civil War.

The Constitution requires all government office-holders to take an oath to support that document, but it ... No one felt anything more was needed—until the Civil War. In 1862, Congress adopted the "Ironclad Test Oath." Civil servants and military officers had to swear loyalty to the Union and affirm no previous disloyalty.

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was a long, primarily nonviolent series of events to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all americans. the era has had a lasting impact on united states society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism. in the south violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868 to 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled southern white democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the south