Why were Viking raiders such a threat after the death of Charlemagne? a After Charlemagne's death, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three sections. b The lords and knights were unable to challenge the Viking raiders. c Charlemagne's sons did not have the military expertise necessary to win against the invaders. d The ruler of the west Frankish lands gave land to the Vikings, establishing them in Europe.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.

arianism, proposed by arius in the third century ce, proposed that jesus christ could not be god because god himself is unique and immutable. this would mean that jesus christ was created by god and therefore lesser. this was considered heretical and banned from orthodoxy, but caught on in germanic cultures. developed approximately around 500 bce by gautama buddha in northeastern india, buddhism first spread to central asia and southeast asia after a few centuries.   shortly thereafter it spread into china, korea, and japan. although initially rome's government persecuted early christian communities, the roman emperor constantine tolerated christians and even converted to christianity himself; christianity became the official state religion. the athenian empire and the nabataeans existed before christianity. the hunnic empire, a great enemy to rome, was never christian. the mongol empire had a christian population that was tolerated but was never officially christian.