How did governments in the middle east maintain order and exercise power? (1450-present)

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question - in the 1900s there were two competing views about the environment that often pitted industrialist and conservationist against one another. how were these two competing views demonstrated by the environmental policies of president roosevelt and president taft?

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polisit can also mean a body of citizens. in modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient greek city-states, like classical athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state". the body of citizens came to be the most important meaning of the term polis in ancient greece.