“In the 17th century, European governments devoted more attention to the public image of the ruler than at any time since the later Roman Empire.
Among these governments, it was the French who were the most concerned
with the ways in which the king was represented. The most elaborate and
self-conscious attempts at projecting a favorable image of the ruler were
those made by a group of officials, artists and men of letters, during the reign
of Louis XIV, especially in the period of his personal rule, which lasted for
more than half a century (1643—1715). The term “propaganda” is all the
more appropriate to describe these favorable images because the government
was concerned not only to present the king in a heroic light but also to spread
official interpretations of specific events of the reign.
Peter Burke, Fabrication of Louis XIV, 1992
a) Explain ONE piece of evidence that supports Burke’s argument
regarding the power of absolute monarchs in Europe.
b) Explain ONEpieceof evidence that undermines Burke’s argument
regarding the power of absolute monarchsin Europe.
e) Explain ONE example of a new monarchin the 15th or 16th
centuries that provoked a similar political system to those described
by Burke.

The temperance movement, discouraging the use of alcoholic beverages, had been active and influential in the united states since at least the 1830s. since the use of alcohol was often associated with such social ills as poverty and insanity, temperance often went hand in hand with other reform movements. from the 1850s onward, the temperance movement focused much of its efforts on irish and german immigrants.temperance advocates did not always emphasize prohibiting the consumption of alcohol. but by the late 19th century, they did. the prohibition movement achieved initial successes at the local and state levels. it was most successful in rural southern and western states, and less successful in more urban states. by the early 20th century, prohibition was a national movement.prohibition exhibited many of the characteristics of most progressive reforms. that is, it was concerned with the moral fabric of society; it was supported primarily by the middle classes; and it was aimed at controlling the "interests" (liquor distillers) and their connections with venal and corrupt politicians in city, state, and national governments. still, it was not until u.s. entry into the great war that prohibitionists were able to secure enactment of national legislation. in 1918, congress passed the 18th amendment to the constitition, prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. states ratified the amendment the next year.herbert hoover called prohibition a "noble experiment," but the effort to regulate people's behavior soon ran into trouble. enforcement of prohibition became very difficult. soon, such terms as "bootlegger," "bath tub gin," and "speakeasy" became household words. gangs of hoodlums became more powerful as they trafficked in alcohol. by the 1930s, a majority of americans had tired of the noble experiment, and the 18th amendment was repealed.to search for additional documents in american memory, consider using such key words as temperance, prohibition, saloon, alcohol or alcoholic beverage, and women's christian temperance union.top of page