Why was the Reformation in England referred to as “top-down?”

Although the three-fifths compromise northern and southern states reach an agreement that allowed for ratification of the constitution, in the long run it had a negative effect on the nation because a) it gave too much power to the executive branch of the government. b) it forced the founding fathers to add the bill of rights to the constitution. c) it was only a temporary solution to the argument between "free" and "slave" states. d) it gave too much power to state governments and not enough to the federal government.

What principle did president truman invoke in sending u.s. troops into south korea without first asking congress to declare war?

Which would be good historical evidence when studying manifest destiny?