How were stateless groups organized in africa

Stateless societies lacked a centralized hierarchy of government officials and a bureaucracy and instead were led by family groups that balanced the ruling power among them and made decisions together for the good of the whole society. ... Occasionally, these stateless societies even grew into cities.

answer; andrew jackson approved nullification by signing it into law,and john calhoun opposed it saying it was unconstitutional;

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i think a judge or jury, as they preside over the court and is the central figure in a trial.

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