What religion formed in defiance of the ruling church?

I think it is the Catholic religion  because many Europeans and British started doing colonies so the native Americans could be changed into Christianity.

Hope it helps, but if its not the right answer just make sure to say at time or occurrence you are talking about so its easier to answer the questions :)

the answer is use of support  

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration