1. What is a cataract? Do you think it would be easy to sail a cargo ship through one? 2. What impact do you think the cataracts had on travel and trade throughout Africa?
3. Compare and contrast the Nile’s flood season to the flood season of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
4. What are black land and red land?
5. Did people live in the black land or red land? Why?
6. What role did the Nile play in Egypt’s early development?
7. What techniques did ancient Egyptians use to make their farming more productive?
8. How did kingdoms arise in ancient Egypt?
9. Why is Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north?
10. Why is Egypt often represented by two crowns?
11. What united Upper and Lower Egypt (other than the Nile River)?

thurgood marshall

explanation: in 1954, thurgood marshall and a team of naacp attorneys won brown v. board of education of topeka, kansas. in this landmark decision, the supreme court held that segregation in public education violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.

the united states constitution defines the structure of the national government and dictates the scope and limitation of its powers. the constitution is known as “the supreme law of the land” and all other laws are measured against it. the application of the articles and amendments of the constitution comprise constitutional law.

in addition to the united states constitution, each state has its own constitution and therefore, its own body of constitutional law as well. state constitutions resemble the federal constitution in that they outline the state government’s structure of legislative, executive and judicial branches as well as contain a bill of rights.

but there are various ways state constitutions differ from the federal constitution. often, state constitutions are much longer and more detailed than the federal constitution. state constitutions focus more on limiting rather than granting power since its general authority has already been established. as a result, the constitution of alabama is six hundred pages long whereas the federal constitution can be easily read in one sitting front to back.

the details in state constitutions are not particularly “constitutional” in nature. they often address topics unique to the state. the federal constitution can only be amended through a lengthy process designed to limit changes to this fundamental document. as a result, it has only been amended seventeen times since the adoption of the bill of rights in 1791.

state constitutions are more open to amendments. amendments can be proposed by legislature, a constitutional commission or citizens’ petition and can be accepted by referendum.   for example. the constitution of massachusetts has been amended one hundred and twenty times. the constitution of georgia has even been replaced altogether as many as ten times.

taxation that is paid in kind, that is with goods or services rather than money

the magna carta   was the first document   brought upon a king to limit his powers