Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows. No ruler took more liberties with his religion than Akbar, the greatest of the Mughals, the Muslim dynasty that dominated India between the early 16th and 18th centuries. Like Ashoka and Gandhi, Akbar constructed a religious ideology that served to hold together a diffuse polity as it fed his own soul.

It began with pragmatic policies of tolerance. Akbar had inherited the throne, at the age of 13, in 1556. In 1579 he abolished the jiziya, a tax imposed on all but the poorest non-Muslims. This was the most notable in a series of measures to recruit the Hindu majority and others to the cause of unifying and expanding his empire. He could be ruthless: his troops massacred 20,000–25,000 non-combatants after a four-month siege of Chitor, a nearly impregnable Hindu fortress in Rajasthan. But he preferred incentives to coercion. He defeated the war-like Rajputs, but gave them rank and married their princesses, who were permitted to conduct Hindu rites in the harem. The Mughal-Rajput alliance was a bulwark of his empire.

"Multicultural Akbar,” The Economist, 1999
a) Explain ONE specific political development that resulted from the conditions created by the religious policies described in the passage.

b) Explain ONE specific change to Muslim-Hindu relations that resulted from the conditions created by the religious policies described in the passage.

c) Explain ONE specific consequence of the policies described in the passage on religious minorities.

a) Because Akbar abolished the jiziya, a tax placed on non-Muslims, he was able to recruit the Hindu majority and others which unified his empire. This mass recruitment resulted in the siege of Chitor. After sieging Chitor he made an alliance with the Rajput by marrying their princesses. This alliance was crucial to his empire.

b) By removing the Jiziya, a tax placed on non-Muslims, Akbar's empire was more unified. This is because Muslims, Hindus and others were now treated as equals whereas before Muslims were treated better. The jiziya created a divide amongst the people of the empire. With its abolishment that divide began to disappear and those who were previously oppressed now have more reason to support the empire.

c) The jiziya oppressed those who were not Muslim. That is because those were not Muslim were forced to pay a tax. This made converting to Islam more forced than it being a choice.

Explanation:

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1.which of the following was the significance of the emergence of a vernacular language in medieval europe?

answer: it suggested a new interest in ordinary people

2.which of the following was a central idea in thomas aquinas's suma theologica?

answer: faith and reason don't contradict each other

3.which of the following did gothic architecture reflect about the late middle ages?

answer: the church had great wealth and authority

4.what examples of gothic architecture survive today?

answer: abbeys, cathedrals, universities

5.how did the byzantines most directly impact later civilizations?

answer: by preserving ancienct sources of knowledge and information

6.which of the following was the impact on europe of the disease described?

answer : 1/3 of the population of europe died, production declined, and cost of labor soared

7.which pair of answers best completes the top and middle arrows in the chart?

answer: the bubonic plague severly reduced the population of europe; higher demand for labor increased wages and prices leading to a market economy

8.which order of contacts most likely traces the spread of the bubonic plague to medieval europe?

answer: conquering mongol armies in asia, rats in chinese cities, fleas with travelers to the middle east and europe

9.if you wrote an essay about medieval europe, in a paragraph about which topic would you most likely refer to avignon?

answer: papal rivalry

10.how did the second great schism lead to the end of medieval europe?

answer: it caused people to question the authority of the church

11.which pull factors attracted european jews to eastern europe during the late middle ages?

answer: jews were attracted to eastern europe because they could practice judaism there without persecution

12. why did the speaker call moscow the "third rome"?

answer: moscow was the center of expanding political power

13.which statement best summarizes the effect of geography on eastern europe?

answer: different parts of the region were most influenced by cultures that had easiest access to them

14.how did eastern europe become home to so many ethnic groups?

answer: its geography and location facilitated migration

15.what are two factors that probably isolate russia from western europe?

answer: the cyrillic alphabet and olga's selection of the byzantine church

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