What is known as the "incumbency effect?" a)the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the

candidate trying to unseat him or her

b) the responsibilities a candidate running for office has to his or her own party

Cthe advantages a candidate who is a "fresh face" has over someone with

strong name-recognition

d)The amount of money a candidate raises from business and union sources, as

opposed to money donated by individuals

a) the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the candidate trying to unseat him or her

Explanation:

Incumbency effect can be defined as the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the candidate trying to unseat him or her in a democratic election process.

Basically, it refers to the tendency (phenomenon) for public officials such as senators or house of representative members who are already holding power (office) to get re-elected over an opposition. This ultimately implies that, a candidate contesting with an incumbent candidate is automatically placed at a disadvantage to emerge as the winner election due to the power of incumbency (incumbency effect).

Additionally, the incumbency effect is peculiar to democratic elections and most favorable or stronger for the house of representative members.

option b, all states follow similar rules and legal process is the right answer.

the 14th amendment in the constitution of america was enacted in july 1868, which include the citizenship, due process, and the equal protection under the law. this amendment was a response to the issues related to former slaves following the american civil war.

the citizenship clause granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the u.s,.   due process of clause asserted that states may not deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law and the equal protection clause declared that a state may not deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. the above mentioned excerpt from the constitution of the united states, ensures the citizenship,due process, and equal protection under the law.