Prompt Use the passage below to answer parts A, B, and C of the question that follows.

"My thesis is that the religion of Africa disappeared from the consciousness of the American slave; that the slave himself, by contact with a new environment, became a decidedly different person, having a new religion, a primitive Christianity, with the central emphasis, not upon this world, but upon heaven.

My task is to show that the religion of the Negro slave between 1619 and the Civil War did not originate in Africa, but was something totally different . . . and that this distinctive element in the religion of the slave grew out of his contact with Christianity in America. In taking this position I have tried to give due weight to those considerations which tend to support a contrary position, such as the inertia of African habits and traditions in the life of the American slave, and the hostile tendency of his social surroundings to religious development. On the other hand, I have considered the disintegrating effects of the American slave system upon black groups that originated in Africa, together with the American slave's new social contacts, which produced in him the religious attitude found, and out of which arose the early slave-preacher and church.”

G. R. Wilson, "The Religion of the Negro Slave: His Attitude toward Life and Death,” The Journal of Negro History, 1923

a) Identify ONE specific example of the relationship between the transatlantic slave trade and cultural exchange in the New World that would tend to support Wilson’s argument.

b) Identify ONE specific example of the effect of the plantation economy on enslaved people’s culture in the Americas that would tend to support Wilson’s argument.

c) Identify ONE specific example of how religious syncretism emerged as a consequence of exposure to new religious values and cultures that would NOT tend to support Wilson’s thesis.

Answer and Explanation:

a. Wilson's argument could be supported by the fact that many slaves grew out of their original environment and culture, being indoctrinated and created within European culture and their religious concepts, this being the only culture that these slaves actually had access to. This was how the exchange of slaves through the transatlantic trade in pits stimulated the adoption of Christianity among Africans, since this was the only reality they knew or could live with.

b. Slave labor generated an admirable economy for European colonies and, consequently, for European crowns, as labor costs were nil. This stimulated the sense of dominance among Europeans over slaves and the dominance would only be complete with the suppression of African religion and culture and the adoption of European culture and religion.

c. One example suffers from the effect of religious syncretism that does not support the thesis whether Wilson is the existence, to this day, of the African religion, such as candoblém, for example, in American countries, where slavery was strong. While Wilson claims that syncretism suppressed African religion, the existence of that religion proves the opposite.

a. Wilson's argument could be supported by the fact that many slaves grew out of their original environment and culture, being indoctrinated and created within European culture and their religious concepts, this being the only culture that these slaves actually had access to. This was how the exchange of slaves through the transatlantic trade in pits stimulated the adoption of Christianity among Africans, since this was the only reality they knew or could live with.

b. Slave labor generated an admirable economy for European colonies and, consequently, for European crowns, as labor costs were nil. This stimulated the sense of dominance among Europeans over slaves and the dominance would only be complete with the suppression of African religion and culture and the adoption of European culture and religion.

c. One example suffers from the effect of religious syncretism that does not support the thesis whether Wilson is the existence, to this day, of the African religion, such as candoblém, for example, in American countries, where slavery was strong. While Wilson claims that syncretism suppressed African religion, the existence of that religion proves the opposite.

Explanation:

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"a problem throughout latin america is widespread poverty. what can those countries improve? the higher the literacy rate" or "education, the lower the rate of poverty".

although the majority of the total population and the population   poor in latin america and the caribbean is in the centers   urban areas, in relative terms poverty remains a   rural phenomenon in the region. the incidence of poverty and   extreme poverty is much greater in rural areas than   in urban areas without going further, in 1997 more than half of the   rural households lived in poverty and about a third in   situation of extreme poverty. in addition, the difficult economic situation   of most of the countries in the region in the past   two years has surely deteriorated those figures. to the poor   of the rural areas of the region are raised at least   three basic problems: i); insufficient nutrition, poor health and   poor educational services; ii); scarce opportunities   productive employment in agriculture and non-agricultural activities;   and iii); low degree of organization to effectively promote   the rural interests. the number and variety of circumstances   that cause rural poverty, as well as heterogeneity   of conditions in which it occurs in different countries   and regions hinder the search for effective solutions and   efficient to raise the welfare of the rural population.  

the mechanisms to reduce poverty are   focuses on three types of important action possibilities and   complementary to generate or raise the income of the poor   of rural areas: one that is based on the growth of   agricultural sector; another that aims at sustainable use and conservation   of natural resources, and the last based on the importance   growing rural economic activities that   they develop outside the agricultural land. there are at least other   two possibilities for reducing rural poverty: the traditional migration to urban areas and assistance to   people who need income transfers to overcome   the poverty threshold or to have a minimum access to   social safety nets.