Which states first ended the authority of the pope? (Reformation).

the papal states

Explanation:

The Papal States were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.

joseph stalin's cult of personality became a prominent part of soviet culture in december 1929, after a lavish celebration for stalin's 50th birthday.[answer:

explanation:

possession of power

exercising of power

class and power