Pan-Africanism began as a movement against European colonial powers on the African continent is true or false

True

Explanation:

Pan-Africanism is a movement that started off as a movement against the European colonialism in Africa. This movement was trying to force and convince the international community that the African people should be free and have their own independent countries. To a certain degree, this movement managed to contribute to the independence of the African nations as it was mobilizing people and organizing them to protest. On the other hand, there were numerous other reasons for it, so it can not be taken as the decisive factor in the gaining of independence of the African nations

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the answer would be logic.

c. troops marched forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons