By 1517 what nation controlled controlled the Balkans, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia?

1 otoman Turks
2 Safavids
3 Mongolians

Ottomans

With most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan Selim I, who assumed the Caliphate in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western Arabia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Levant, among other territories.

thomas jefferson is the answer