Why were the southern kingdoms more stable after the collapse of the Gupta, c. 600 CE, than they had been before

they wanted equal rights hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced queen liliuokalani to abdicate. the coup led to the dissolving of the kingdom of hawaii two years later, its annexation as a u.s. territory and eventual admission as the 50th state in the union.

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

the answer to your question is:

strong-mayor system