Why did slavery continue to affect African countries even after it was abolished? A. It created lasting poverty and instability in many African countries ОО O B. It allowed former slaves to dominate African countries' governments. O c. It inspired African countries to take revenge against slaveholding states. O D. It prevented African countries from forming relationships with Europe

Africa’s economic performance in the second half of the twen- tieth century has been poor. One, often informal, explanation for Africa’s underdevelopment is its history of extraction, character- ized by two events: the slave trades and colonialism. Bairoch (1993, p. 8) writes that “there is no doubt that a large number of negative structural features of the process of economic under- development have historical roots going back to European col- onization.” Manning (1990, p. 124) echoes Bairoch but focuses on the slave trades, writing, “Slavery was corruption: it involved theft, bribery, and exercise of brute force as well as ruses. Slavery thus may be seen as one source of precolonial origins for modern corruption.”

Recent empirical studies suggest that Africa’s history can explain part of its current underdevelopment. These studies fo- cus on the link between countries’ colonial experience and cur- rent economic development (Grier 1999; Englebert 2000a, 2000b;

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yellow fever and other tropical diseases