Explain a crucial factor leading to one country’s decision to join the conflict. Use at least two pieces of evidence from one or both of the informational articles

War in Europe began in the late summer of 1914 and from the outset the United States clung to a policy of strict neutrality. Despite the loss of American life as a result of the War on the Atlantic Ocean (such as the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915), President Wilson constantly argued that the United States should remain out of the conflict. However, on 6 April 1917 the United States Congress declared war on Germany. By June 1917 the first American troops, 14,000 men of the American Expeditionary Force, arrived in France. By the end of the War in 1918 a million American troops were in Europe. So why and how did the United States go from a policy of neutrality to a fully blown engagement with the war in Europe?

Q: Why did the United States choose to stay neutral in 1914?

When war broke out in Europe in 1914 President Wilson declared that the United States would follow a strict policy of neutrality. This was a product of a longstanding idea at the heart of American foreign policy that the United States would not entangle itself with alliances with other nations. Put simply the United States did not concern itself with events and alliances in Europe and thus stayed out of the war. Wilson was firmly opposed to war, and believed that the key aim was to ensure peace, not only for the United States but across the world. To that end he sent a leading aide, Colonel House, to Europe in the autumn of 1914 in an attempt to broker a peace deal.

Q: Why didn’t German attacks on American shipping force Wilson to act?

If the war had been solely fought on land it was likely that the United States could have avoided the entanglement it feared. However, a key part of the war was the battle on the Atlantic. Here, shipping lanes were patrolled and attacked by German U-Boats in an attempt to cut supply lines to Britain. Following its policy of neutrality the United States initially attempted to trade with both Britain and its allies as well as with Germany. However, in practice the United States was only able to trade with Britain and its allies, and all the goods sold (the value of which amounted to $1.2 billion by 1916) had to be transported by ship across the Atlantic. The German habit of attacking shipping meant that American registered ships were sunk, and United States citizens were killed (128 died when the Lusitania was sunk). Wilson came under pressure to act after the sinking of the Lusitania and after protests from him, the Germans agreed to refrain from attacking passenger vessels. By January 1917 however, German military commanders argued that only an unrestricted blockade of the Atlantic would achieve victory and once more targeted all shipping. The decision undoubtedly edged the United States closer to war in 1917.

Explanation:

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the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

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