What groups were always against the centralizing efforts of the monarchs?

excuse me, so what the hell is the

the correct answer is c.

during the 1760s, adams began challenging great britain’s authority in colonial america. he came to view the british imposition of high taxes and tariffs as a tool of oppression, and he no longer believed that the government in england had the colonists’ best interests in mind. he was a critic of the  stamp act  of 1765, in which the british levied a tax on legal documents, newspapers and playing cards in the north american colonies. adams also spoke out against the  townshend acts  of 1767, which levied tariffs on goods such as paper, glass and tea that were imported to america.