Which of the following had already existed in africa before portuguese arrived

It is 1902 i make 45,000 per year how much do i owe in federal income taxes

How was rockefeller able to build his monopoly across the oil industry? he found newer and cheaper ways to refine oil, increasing his profits. he confined his business to ohio so he could buy all the refineries there. he bought up oil refineries, cut costs, and reinvested his profits in other refineries. he began to sell kerosene as well as oil, expanding his market.

According to campbell, why did the british take control of oudh?