1. The Roman Empire had thriving urban centers, high literacy, and a centralized government, but in the early Middle Ages was none of these things.
2. The Germanic-speaking people who invaded England from Central Europe and settled there
were called the
3. Under the system, soldiers would be rewarded for their services to the king with gifts
of land and other resources that came from battles won
4. The first Carolingian leader to become king was
5. After Charlemagne's rule, his grandsons' argument about who was the rightful heir of the
empire led to the division of the empire into realms
6. One reason the were so successful at invading was that they engineered fast,
versatile ships that could land almost anywhere.
7. A new class of people called the who gained wealth in towns, formed after the age of
invasions
8. In the Controversy, church and state authorities argued over who had the greater
authority to appoint bishops.
9. In a crusade, the calls a war to defend the church against other faiths.
10. According to philosophical and theological questions could be resolved with religious-
based reasoning

1. Western Europe

2. Anglo-Saxons

3. pillage and gift

4. Pepin the Short

5. three

6. Vikings

7. bourgeoisie

8. Investiture

9. pope

10. scholasticism

11. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. England was a leader in literacy from its early history. Not only was literacy high in England, their monks also led literacy efforts in Europe. Literacy was key to developing its strong legal and taxation systems that would help the state become stronger.

12. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. Important intellectual ideas were developed from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. During the Twelfth Century Renaissance, scholars translated many Arabic texts into Latin, which made Islamic and ancient Greek scholarship and ideas accessible to the educated classes in Europe. In the thirteenth century, scholastics showed that theological questions could be discussed using logical reasoning. Finally, the European Renaissance introduced humanism, which began to challenge the central place of religious values in society. All three movements built on ideas from the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Explanation:

an interest group is an organization whose members share common concerns, and try to influence government policies that impact those concerns. elected officials frequently complain about the influence of "special interests" on american politics.