"The original Ottoman state had been military, indeed, but far from an absolute monarchy of any kind. But the character of the military base of the state had been transformed and absolutism gradually was imposed
on the ghazi warriors' descendants. When the Ottoman military activities had come to be channeled in
major campaigns, whose distance required great central organization, the former more or less irregular ghazi
troops had tended gradually to recede into the general herding and peasant population, while their leaders
became prosperous landlords, holding systematic military land grants. With their changed social position.
their attitudes changed; well established themselves, they were less ready to look for a heroic chief, more
ready to accept an established monarch. At the same time, their power was diluted."
Source: Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 3 vcs. (Chicago and London: University of Chicago
Press. 1974), vol. 3, pp. 99-101.
a. Identify and explain ONE change in the political development of the Ottoman Empire from the text.
b. Identify and explain ONE continuity in the political development of the Ottoman Empire from the text.
c. Identify and explain ONE way the developments in the Ottoman Empire are similar to developments in
another land-based empire.

2b2t

explanation:

2b2t

latin america

explanation:

the columbian exchange, also known as the columbian interchange, named for christopher columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the americas, west africa, and the old world in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to european colonization and trade following christopher columbus's 1492 voyage. invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the exchange. the changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. the most significant immediate impact of the columbian exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents.

the new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the americas. traders returned to europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in europe by the 18th century.

the term was first used in 1972 by american historian alfred w. crosby in his environmental history book the columbian exchange. it was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known.