How did Islam spread throughout North and West Africa?

The american civil war most former enslaved african americans in texas began making a living as

Why was the nationalist party more popular in china’s cities than in the countryside?

How does smith characterize the colonizing effort and why does he so characterize the effort to settle jamestown? what was the most difficult challenge faced by the colonists who established jamestown? how was this most difficult challenge affected by other demands and challenges that confronted the first english to establish a permanent settlement in north america?