The colonial charters were
When the colonies declared independence.

depends on the age of the teen, many believe by the age of 16 a person should know the strong difference between right and wrong along with the difference between risky and immediate death. swimming with sharks might be dangerous but swimming with sharks while bloody meat is attached to you is just insane. even more if you have no idea what you're doing. however, no matter the age, as long as the person is skilled enough and has the mental and physical capacity to control their actions doing whatever sport they put their mind to is all that matters.

i am not 100% positive but i think it is is b. both are non-partisan jobs

i am pretty sure that members of congress have term limits, can be impeached, and are nominated through direct popular vote.