When were
blacks citizens of the unted states

when the 14th amendment was ratified on July 9 1868

well we know that it was fought between america and the united kingdom based on that i assume people consider the second war of independence because brtiain and england (uk)   the uk is made up of england and i assume thats why it was considered that

i would say the executive branch is because the executive branch is in charge of enforcing the laws and judicial branch is in charge of enforcing but the executive branch is most responsible for it all so i would have to say the executive branch.