Because rivers like the Nile Tigris and Euphrates flooded in ancient times, a) people live in a constant state of fear
b) land around the river was fertile
c) the concept of democracy and cooperation was found
d) those places were never able to for civilizations

the answer is c, all the other options are things they are known for.

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answer is :

many churches split during the movement.

new religions grew in popularity.

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]