2. What did the Prophet teach and preach (khutba) to Muslims during the last pilgrimage? 3. Why do some Islamic scholars regard the last sermon as a kind of "declaration of human rights"?

The answer is below

Explanation:

1. The Prophet Muhammad teaches and preaches (khutba) "Human Equality" to Muslims during the last pilgrimage.

2. Some Islamic scholars regard the last sermon as a kind of "declaration of human rights" because it talks about the relations of people among themselves. In the sermon Prophet Muhammad declared among other things that "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety (taqwa) and good action. "

they were the direct result of some cultural difussion.

d) a constitutional amendment