“Nowadays, some 185 years after most of the Latin American nations obtained their independence, none of the Latin governments consider race to be an issue. All of these governments are firmly convinced that the racial caste system of colonial times has totally disappeared. This firmly held conviction is, however, not shared by academics and ordinary citizens who have noticed the distinct racial stratification of the Latin American societies. For these dissenters, the prevailing racial economic hierarchy and the easily uncovered attitudes that consider the dark-skinned unattractive and inferior clearly indicate that the racial-caste system continues to operate. Today’s racial caste system is, of course, not nearly as rigid as it was in colonial times. But the fact that it has survived 185 years of social, economic, and political advances implies that this system is deeply embedded in the Latin societies. Hence, it must have relevant social, economic, and political effects.” Rutilio Martinez and Vish Iyer, Latin America’s Racial Caste System: Salient Marketing Implications (2008) A. Explain the authors’ argument in the passage.

B. Explain ONE way in which the casta system changed European economies in the period 1450-1750.

C. Explain ONE historical situation in the period 1450-1750, other than the one illustrated in the passage, in which imperial states adopted policies that limited the political power and influence of groups of people.