Which effect of industrialization made city centers somewhat unpleasant?
the increase of government buildings made city centers very crowded.
the lack of cultural institutions made city centers boring and uninteresting.
the lack of public transportation made it difficult to get around city centers.
the rise of railroads and stockyards added unpleasant smells to city centers.

The correct option would be the last one: The rise of railroads and stockyards added unpleasant smells to city centers.

One of industrialization's disadvantage is concerned with environment. It includes pollution of air, water and soil that can result in significant deterioration of quality of life and life expectancy.

the of atp are the key to its ability to store and supply energy;

phosphate

the phosphate groups of atp are the key to its ability to store and supply energy. atp releases energy when it breaks bonds between its phosphate groups.