1 3. Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution says, "The President shall be
Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Navy of the United States." This
means the military must follow any order issued by the President - including an
order to kill people from another country. How has this power evolved since
1789? Which factors have led to these changes?

the presidents powers over the military were weak in the early republic era, since most military forces were state militias that were activated in times of crisis. Furthermore, the US did not have a permanent navy until about the war of 1812, as commissioning and maintaining ships is very expensive. The president could quickly activate and organize a defense against invasion, but it was not until much later in the antebellum period where a president managed standing armies and navies during peacetime. the president's authority on military affairs have expanded drastically since then, such as the president having control over nuclear deployment, as well as the executive branches authority to deploy troops in foreign countries without formal approval by congress, such as the invasion of Afghanistan.