"It must never be forgotten that, in so far as their voices can be heard at all, the common people of Europe (under Napoleon's empire) had different priorities and preoccupations
from those of the propertied classes. Theirs had not been 'the empire of the professionals,
but of the recruiting sergeant and the canceled Holy Day. Napoleonic rule left very
deep scars in the body of Europe, all the more profound for being less tangible than
the ideological divisions within the educated, propertied elites. ... The struggle against
Napoleon was one of diversity against standardization of tradition against innovation, of
dynastic loyalty against usurpation. It was a popular struggle... about preserving the past,
a past in which the 'nation-state' had no part."
Michael Broers, Europe Under Napoleon, 1799-1815, published in 1996

a) Explain how one piece of evidence supports Broers' argument regarding the effects
of Napoleon's rule on the common people of Europe.
b) Explain how one piece of evidence undermines Broers' argument regarding the
effects of Napoleon's rule on the common people of Europe.
c) Explain one example of a foreign occupation in the twentieth century, that
provoked reactions similar to those described by Broers.