570 CE
Muhammad is born in Mecca.
610 CE
Muhammad receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.
622 CE
Muhammad undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.
624 CE
Battle of Badr: Muhammad's forces win, resulting in a turning point for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe.
625 CE
Battle of Uhud: Quraysh tribe defeats the Muslims.
627 CE
Battle of the Trench: Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina (then called Yathrib), but lose to the Muslim force.
627 CE
Siege of Bani Qurayzah: Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold.
628 CE
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A peace agreement is signed between Muhammad's Muslims and the people of Mecca.
628 CE
Conquest of Khaybar oasis: Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis and are allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce.
629 CE
First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina.
629 CE
Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.
630 CE
Non-violent conquest of Mecca: The Quraysh realize that the Muslims now greatly outnumber them and allow the Muslims to capture their city, Mecca, and rule it as they please.
630 CE
Battle of Hunayn: Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin.
630 CE
Attempted Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad's forces are initially unable to siege Ta'if and convert its people to Islam.
632 CE
"Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage": This is the only Hajj pilgrimage in which Muhammad participates.
632 CE
Muhammad dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.
632 CE - 634 CE
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph (successor to Muhammad) of the Rashidun Caliphate.
634 CE - 644 CE
Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr, becoming the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
637 CE
Muslim Conquest of Mesopotamia.
637 CE
Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out.
644 CE - 656 CE
Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
c. 650 CE
Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Quran while destroying the others.
656 CE - 661 CE
Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
Mar 670 CE
Hasan ibn Ali, Shia Islam's second imam (his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, being the first imam), is poisoned to death.
Oct 680 CE
Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq.
750 CE
Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.
750 CE
Start of the Abbasid Caliphate.
754 CE - 775 CE
Reign of Al-Mansur over the Abbasid Caliphate.
756 CE
Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Cordoba.
756 CE - 788 CE
Reign of Abd al-Rahman I over the Emirate of Cordoba
