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'' the court introduced a three-pronged standard, now known as the lemon test, to decide whether a state law amounts to an establishment' of religion. that standard states: (1) a law must have a secular, not religion, purpose(2) it must neither advance nor inhibit religion and (3) it must not foster an excessive entanglement of government and religion.

7) how has the lemon text affected supreme court rulings about public aid to church-related schools ?
a) the court has used the lemon test to ban all public funding to religiously affiliated schools.
b) the court has interpreted the lemon test in a way that allows most public funding of religious schools to continue.
c) the courts has used the lemon test to rule that most public aid to religious schools is unconstitutional.
d) the court has abandoned the lemon test in recent ruling and is establishing a new standard.

"but freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much. that would be a mere shadow of freedom. the test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing if there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein''.

8) what statement best expresses what the court is saying about freedom of expression?
a) freedom of expression must first pass a test based on political and religious before it is acceptable.
b)freedom of expression means that people cannot be required to say or believe in specific political or religious ideas.
c)freedom of expression is fine as long as long as the ideas being expressed deal with personal opinions rather than important topics.
d) freedom of expression needs to take into account the political and religious beliefs of others so that it is not offensive.

9) what did hamilton mean when he made the following statement?
''laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation- alexander hamilton
a) for laws to be effective there must be courts to make them known to citizens consistently.
b) for laws to be effective, there must be courts to interpret them consistently
c) laws that are not obeyed should be repealed by the courts.
d) laws that are not obeyed should be enforced by the courts.

10) identify the case over which the u. s. supreme court would exercise original jurisdiction?
a)a shipwreck occurs in the coastal waters of the united states.
b) a government employee sues the government agency that employs her.
c) a citizen brings a first amendment case against his state government
d) a sate agency brings a lawsuit against an agency in another state.

'' the practice of senatorial courtesy gives great weight to the wishes of the senators from a state in which a federal judge is to serve''
11) use this excerpt to answer the question ,
this excerpt from the text book describes how the senate?
a)confirms any federal judge who serves in the state in which the president was born.
b)shows courtesy to federal judges who have served in the senate.
c)considers the preferences of senators regarding judges serving in their state.
d) ensures that every federal judge has a professional background from his or her state.

12) what is the difference between original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction?
a) original jurisdiction refers to a case being heard in a federal court; appellate jurisdiction refers to a case being heard in a state court.
b) original jurisdiction refers to criminal or civil cases; appellate jurisdiction refers to only to civil cases.
c)original jurisdiction refers to a case that could be heard in a federal or state court; appellate jurisdiction refers to a case that must be heard in a federal court.
d) original jurisdiction refers to a court where a case is first heard' appellate jurisdiction refers to a case being heard after it was tried in a lower court.