Explanation:
Revolución de 1820 o Ciclo revolucionario de 1820 son los nombres con los que la historiografía ha designado al conjunto de procesos revolucionarios que tuvieron lugar en Europa alrededor de 1820. Fue la primera de las llamadas oleadas o ciclos revolucionarios que sacudieron Europa con posterioridad a las guerras napoleónicas y que se repitieron sucesivamente en las de 1830 y las de 1848.
Its ideological axes were liberalism and nationalism. Given that the most affected countries were those of southern Europe (the episodes in other areas, such as Germany or France, were of much less importance), with Spain as the epicenter of a movement that spread to Italy and Portugal, [3] and on the other hand Greece; It has been called the Mediterranean cycle in contrast to the Atlantic cycle that had preceded it in the previous generation (the first liberal revolutions or bourgeois revolutions, produced on both sides of the ocean: the Independence of the United States -1776- and the French Revolution -1789- ). [4]
The revolutions of 1820 arose as a reaction to the Restoration that occurred as a result of the defeat of revolutionary France, and which involved the reestablishment of the Old Regime and the application of the legitimist principles of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, entrusted to force interventionist determination of the Holy Alliance. This alliance of absolute monarchies finally managed to avoid the possibility of a generalization of revolutionary contagion and stifled the revolutionary foci. Faced with the inequality of forces, as a form of organization of the revolutionaries of 1820, the conspiracy predominated, through secret societies, similar to Freemasonry, such as the Carbonari.
Although previous alterations can be detected, the revolutionary movement that caused the contagion and in several cases the explicit imitation (even of the constitutional text), was the pronouncement of the Spanish liberal military that began the so-called liberal triennium. The revolutions of Portugal and Italy (especially in Piedmont and Naples) were the following. With much more remoteness in time and space, there were also movements of a very different nature in the Russian Empire (Decembrist Revolt of 1825). The most peculiar case was Greece, where in 1821 the beginnings of the movement for Greek independence, proclaimed in 1822, can be given; and that it was the only one of the revolutions of this cycle to be successful, thanks to the support of the European powers against the Ottoman Empire.
