What prompted new business and trade in europe?

In order to determine the distance between two cities on a map, which map feature would a student have to use?

How are the freedom of religion and the freedom of assembly alike? both involve the freedom to express oneself. both were an original part of the constitution. both were practiced by the early puritans. both were denied to immigrants.

This emblem shows a jewish star inside a shape that combines a fortress and a shield.