1. In your own words, summarize what is known about medieval West African kingdoms. Include at least three facts regarding what is or isn't known about the time period and region​

When the Portuguese first explored the West African coastline, the cultures of African societies were highly evolved and had been so for centuries. In the millennium preceding Portuguese exploration, three large centers of medieval African civilization developed sequentially along the west coast of sub-Saharan Africa.

Explanation:

the answer is b.2008 and 2012 were presidential election years.

c is the correct answer for this question.