Read the passage from a book written by journalist Upton Sinclair during the Progressive Era. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. . . . the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.

–The Jungle,
Upton Sinclair

What kind of reform was initiated in response to the publication of the book?

New laws were passed that allowed workers to create labor unions and demand safer working conditions.
New tariffs were established to ensure that only safe foods were imported into the United States.
New laws were passed and a new federal agency was created to protect consumers’ health.
Businesses in the food industry were required to build new factories in which to package meat products.