Why do non-exclusions always result in freeloader problems?

because of the imperfect information, imperfectly Competitive Markets, externalities, public goods and common resources

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

not sure might be he acquired the entire oregon territory from great britain