Please help! To what extent did reactions against European intrusion into China, the ottoman empire, and
Japan affect proposals to "modernize" their governments and societies?

payments were made after the 1940s.

in the 1980s, a commission held investigations and made recommendations.

no options provided, here,but the answer to this question is often: a historian cites a japanese newspaper article published a year after the end of world war ii in order to draw conclusions about the effect of the war on the japanese economy.

clearly from the answer, the historian alludes to historical sources,and records to aid in analyzing and drawing conclusion on the effect of the war on the economy of japan.

the colonial period, since this was a time of mass immigration from a variety of people from europe.